The Internet is no different than previous (equally monumental) brain-enhancing technologies such as books or telephony, and I doubt whether books and telephony have changed the way I think, in the sense of actually changing the way my brain works (which is the particular way I am taking the question before us). In this regard, the Internet is both mind-expanding and atavistic. The Internet thus facilitates an age-old tendency of the human mind to benefit from our tendency as a species to be homo dictyous (network man), an innate tendency we all have to connect with others and to be influenced by them. What especially attracts my attention, though, is that the more complex types of external software-including the Internet-tend to involve communication and interaction, and thus they tend to be specifically social: they tend to involve the thoughts, feelings, and actions of many individuals, pooled in some way to make them accessible to individuals, including me. I've had personal experience with most of these-save cave painting and the more esoteric forms of hardware-and I think I can say with confidence that they have not changed my brain. And external software includes things like calendars, voting systems, search engines, and the Internet.

Internal software includes things like education, meditation, mnemonics, and cognitive therapy. Internal hardware includes things like mind-altering substances, cochlear implants, or intra-cranial electrical stimulation. External hardware includes things like cave paintings, written documents, eyeglasses, wristwatches, wearable computers, or brain-controlled machines.

They can be either hardware or software, and they can be either internal or external to our bodies.

Brain enhancers come in several varieties.

Efforts to change the way we think-and to enhance our cognitive capacity-are ancient.

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